. . . ECOLIEBHABITAT . . . is the creation of Dan Liebermann, teacher and extraordinary organic architect. A friend worked for him on a house, and when it didn't win easy approval for permit, Dan's approach was to fight the building officials. But consider the outstanding results and the dedication to teaching and pro bono service, and the picture is so positive the combativeness must be worth it.

Suspended ceilings were a great mystery. Are. So several searches later came up with a Salt Lake City resource, and contacted Armstrong.

A potential ceiling or wall finish material turns out to be more than the budget a current project can stand. Panels for the ceiling would be $51,000. A four by eight foot panel of the least costly material would be a little over $400, and 32 panels would be needed to make up a $13,000 minimum order of 1000 sq. ft. Wall facing for the total project is approximately 7000 sq. ft., $91,000.

A digression is DSA Architects straw bale with research into stressed skin. Alusion is a quirky aluminum foam product that is mainly used decoratively, not structurally. Green Home Building has a good page on manufactured systems such as SIPS.

Results of "curved building panel modular foam" are not very good. This page gives some general ideas of curved architectural panels, and this page, Galileo, specifically calls for sandwich panels for this, but unfortunately it is European. Loxley provides many related solutions, but it is very difficult to find a real product for a low-budget project since the company is offshore. ThermaSpan residential has a metal and foam profile that matches imaginative ideas of colleagues of what a panel should be, but there is no picture of a curved panel, and the supplier is offshore. If the project were huge, then Radome might be the answer. Kalwall is a product that might be the answer, a real product that offers curves and light transmission. It has a person where the project is located, a spec, and systems applicable to walls and roofs. Todco can do almost anything in a curved panel, but apparently on a high budget. One of the approaches in mind at the outset of search was corrugated or honeycomb kraft.

Search for "building panel modular foam" casts a wide net. Here are some of the results. An Australian firm offers panels for structural concrete applications, Unibuild, with US application. The National Park Service uses modular construction for collection storage inside historic buildings or in separate outside structures and offers many pointers in this Conserve-O-Gram. Sustainable Building Sourcebook provides an overview of structural wall panels and green considerations such as molded expanded polystyrene (MEPS) are "acceptable insulation or an alternative that has no ozone-depleting chemicals must be used. Additionally, waferboard, OSB [oriented strand board], sheetrock and/or siding need to be used as facings....COST: $1.75 to $2.75 per square foot or higher (material only). This can be slightly higher than conventional framing costs." Vesta Builders, Inc., a residential contractor serving a specific local area provides solid guidelines for details and allowances. Structall is a typical panel manufacturer of a patented insulated panel. None of these systems lend themselves to curved walls, so try a different search.

Harrumph! has a brilliant post on Fourth Street. The deserted farms are worth a tour.

Goethean thought is a theme of Waldorf schools or Steiner or … The Trench is confusewd confused. However, it is worth noting the writing of Steve Talbott on the subject, To Explain or Portray?

Here are the pictures of the TransAmerica Pyramid shadow taken on the actual day of the solstice by another, June 21, 2003.

In gnomon land, there is a report to a co-worker as follows:

July 7, 2003

The more I work on the gnomon, the more needs to be done. For example, it might be a good idea to measure monuments relative to center of the Pyramid, and then graph against time. Then there might be a basis for correction.



The pictures you sent are quite something. Do you have a CD for them so that I can post on web with others? Lighting conditions on the solstice for conventional photographs, June 21, 2003, were much clearer than the day after for digital photographs, June 22, and film also has more resolution, but main reason to keep the digital photographs is the record of time when the observation was made.

As to the Coptic eye, I did look for the Great Seal on the web and have a quote from greatseal.com below. I also wonder if instead of the TransAmerica Pyramid, the Great Pyramid stood in the same place somehow, would the shadow actually clear the base?

Reverse

In the zenith of an unfinished pyramid is an eye in a triangle surrounded with a golden glory. Over the eye are the words Annuit Coeptis. On the base of the pyramid the numerical letters MDCCLXXVI, and underneath, the motto Novus Ordo Seclorum.

Visit AkuAku for scene of horse grazing in the ruins of 80% completed and abandoned hotel somewhere way far away.

Some solstice gnomon pictures are up. These are pictures of the shadow of the TransAmerica Pyramid on Columbus Avenue and later, Hotaling Place. Pictures are from the 22nd, and orange marks are observations from the 21st.

So there are words and sort-of words.

Brooklyn Bridge Hard to Topple, see cryptome, via newthings.

So the observations take place, beginning 11:55am PDT and continuing through 12:20pm on Columbus Avenue, noon in the middle of the street. Paint orange circles indicating the tip of the TransAmeica Pyramid.

Technique is to stand in shadow, approximately two feet. At the penumbra, where the shadow of observer’s head emerges from the shadow of the tip, mark. Verify previous observations, and another observer questions whether they line up.

1pm, stand opposite fourth support of the pyramid, its center. Other observer photographs position and verifies pyramid shadow extends up the side of 500 Washington buildings. 1:10 to 1:20pm, make two observations on Hotaling.

Columbus Avenue is a good bet for observing the gnomon represented by the TransAmerica Pyramid during the winter months. Say 10am.

Here’s to three square miles of Berkeley and Oakland hills after the fire, complete in one page.

When there’s a post to Trenches, watch out. Lenedra Carroll in The Architecture of All Abundance writes,

“He is wise who sees action in inaction and inaction in action,” the dream voice [an owl’s] had said.

and

Remember that you are an artist.
Know that you are more than the things that happen to you.
Always make space for magic to happen.

If an architect makes space, and anybody can be an architect, Carroll is a good, intuitive place to start. Now on to professionalism, even when it’s at the earliest stages.

Olympic Stadium concept. For whatever reason, the local museum looks more like a box.

Merriam-Webster defines gnomon as the pin of sundial. A tall building such as the TransAmerica Pyramid can serve this purpose, provided there is a marker of some kind on the ground indicating the shadow measurement at a specific time of day. If the shadow aligns with the marker, the time of day should match the previous time of day when the marker was set. Because the TransAmerica Pyramid is so tall, the behavior of the “instrument” is particularly dynamic compared to an ordinary sundial from the vantage of the observer. All bets are off in foggy weather and during an earthquake.

ΓΝΩΜΩΝ. A page in French on the web says Thales measured the height of the Great Pyramid at Giza by comparing shadows at the same time of day.

Consider a pyramid, height h unknown. However the length of its shadow, l, is known for a certain time of day, as is the shadow l’ and height, h’ of a reference such as a 6’ man.

h   h'

- = --

l   l'



    h'l

h = ---

     l'

Example: l = 962’, h’ = 6’ and l’ = 12’. Solving for h = 481’ = 6 x 962 / 12.

At an opening in Berkeley, C., a plein-air painter, says they rebuild "to the lot line" in the Oakland Hills. No manners. Of course he means to the setback, as reference shows the possibility of good manners to the lot line.

Another word from close, oh so close to home.

A word about internship from afar, oh so far away.

Via boing boing, tents or not.

Three churches among others(?), same architect, Charles Geddes. There was a good article in a recent newspaper, but can’t find it.

• Noe Valley Ministry, San Francisco, 1888
• Westminster Presbyterian Church (St. Procopius Church), Berkeley, 1879
• Community United Methodist Church, Half Moon Bay, 1872

See Witold Riedel for two articles on earth structures, one of which is a drawing with eight variations and the other article gives links to Nader Khalili.

Morning News sends a lead to Matt's possessions obsession by way of drawings and photographs and clever navigation.

Caterina brings us an article on Christopher Alexander. Agree that Alexander favors, shall we say, the shingle style, that is, a homey, crafty solution. He seems to hate modern solutions, but what if they're perfectly good? Toph uses PatternLanguage.com as a resource, but it nags him to register or something. It does have some fun stuff though.

Detroit. Remember Detroit? Detroit iron? Detroit anything?

Working. Draw a building. Crash the computer.

Stop work. Walk the grand all-American pit bull terrier by the crashing waves.

Working. Continue on the building. Get deeply involved in window placement.

Stop work. Walk. Look at the horizon all yellow, orange, red, purple, dark blue and black.

Grow a brain via newthings. This has a good section on architecture by real estate people.

Here is a cable reinforced system for protecting a floor from collapse, via boing boing.

To test the cable system, Astaneh and his students built a full-scale typical building floor with five support columns in Berkeley's civil engineering test bay. The steel cables passed through one-inch holes in the columns and were affixed to the concrete model floor. In one test, a support column was knocked out and a massive hydraulic jack — the largest in the country — applied 240,000 pounds of downward force to simulate the weight of a floor above. The test floor dropped three feet, but stayed connected to the remaining columns that carried the extra weight.

Reserve Cal Day, April 12, for a talk by the leading researcher, A. Astaneh.

Memory Foundations is the name of the thing.

Excellent analysis by John King of the WTC appears in today's Chronicle. He wrote that the (below) ground level pedestrian space was particularly brutal, but the ten-year design and construction timeframe should allow opportunity to fix shortcomings like this. When TT looked at the animation yesterday, which recalls dump trucks on the existing site with approximately 50' high slurry walls in the background during clean-up magically overlaid by gigantic new construction, he didn't recognize this problem, and only noticed a peculiar lifelessness of the stylized representation. Today, he looks and sees some amazing effort at realistic representation of people, though in an animation they should be moving, sophisticated coloring and texture of slurry walls recalling Anselm Kiefer and, of course, an array of exciting new, often colorful, often transparent geometric forms punctuating the plaza of death, and the new wailing walls are casting deep shadows around 9-11. It's frightening to think about.

It's the pits. Today is the announcement of Libeskind's selection for the new WTC. The New York Times has an article plus an animated demonstration.

Really nice picture of Zach and Annie on their bicycles. Takes a special gift to catch them relaxed like this.

Pictures of a contentious building pad condition are here.

Another example of artistic use of sunlight and mirror...

Here is an excellent description of many sunlight-related phenomena in the form of simple Q&A. Example: Why are any materials transparent?

An expensive, but instructive, example of concentrating sunlight for surgery...

Natural light glossary, because one forgets. Light pipe or sun tunnel is an example. There are better solutions, but they are expensive and hard to find.

JB writes, "I'd buy one. Click on Products then Hermit's Cabin."

Analemma via ericalba.org.

William R. Yelland, maker of warm houses people like, not the cold modernist cubes people hate, according to yesterday's Architext. Also Cliff May and Carr Jones.

This is great. Ikea clobbers Breuer.

The Data Processing Primitives
Input
Save
Retrieve
Output
Copy
Change
Translate
Derive
Compare
Decide
Repeat
Destroy
Count
Sum
Collect

72 x 84, our king size bed...

Along the lines of Rudofsky's vernacular architecture, we have caterina's finds.

Thick profile fake, fake, fake roofing...

Internship issues.

Read this in architect thing.

These stock plans look outstanding.

Malorama wrote about an artsfartsy interview.

Thumbnails of concrete and masonry details. This one looks especially good for retaining wall.

Requirement is to get religion over retaining wall to slab detail. Religion. More religion.

Off-the-grid special house. Does it really cost only $600,000? Is it really only 3,000 sq. ft.?

Cottage, 700 sq. ft. This one is smaller. Here is a simple design. Elaborate, but not in the sense of modern and big.

McMansions and an account of why they are so much fun. Well some like em porky. Many principled articles, but not too many little cottages, and even those, $50,000.

These proposals for WTC are decent.

Here are the six (6) designs for the World Trade Center that went nowhere.

“Do you want to work on sandcastles for money?”

“No.”

"Never work for doctors and lawyers."

For one thing, what kind of contract? What is the exit strategy?

The fix for WTC is harder than making another box. In "Mourning and Modernism After 9/11, Can Function Follow Form?" Casey Nelson Blake in The Nation, September 23, 2002, describes ways last summer's proposals failed because the Port Authority commission's 11 million square foot program was unworkable, and the idea of a "modern" skyscraper is thirty years outdated anyway.

move brick building
'r' lawyers
we goats
be the goat
Hopland
ranch > 50 acres rented
single wide
Volkswagen bus
$200 / acre
gates
fear
qorvis
defunct
uebergieser
unter

So what's a raft of willows
soil nailing
pressure grout
how much does this cost?
what do they want?
landscape?
brook?
garage?
make 11 x 17
cough cough cough
birdbath
no
he won't produce much
we have to

There must be a way to automate terrain adjustments.

Make fog for fun.

Redo, redo, redo all!

Out of control lists:

Gorse and pampas grass, poison hemlock and yellow star thistle, Scotch broom and German ivy, red-apple aptenia and blue-gum eucalyptus

giant thistle cardoon, and fennel

broom, pampas grass (both the Cortaderia jubata evildoer and the less-invasive C. selloana), fountaingrass, water hyacinth

Reasons...

Another article and web sites

-- Ailanthus altissima (tree of heaven);

-- Arundo donax (giant reed);

-- Centaurea melitensis (tocalote);

-- Cirsium vulgare (bull thistle);

-- Cortaderia jubata (jubata grass, miscalled pampas grass);

-- Senecio mikanioides (cape ivy);

-- Spartium junceum (Spanish broom);

-- Tamarix chinensis, T. gallica, T. parviflora, T. ramosissima (tamarisk, salt cedar).

-- Red-apple aptenia (Aptenia cordifolia);

-- Licorice plant (Helichrysum petiolare) -- these two are not widespread, yet, but show potential;

-- Pennyroyal (near wetlands);

-- Water hyacinth, parrot's feather, and elodea or anacharis if you're next to fresh water;

-- Periwinkle (Vinca major);

-- Capeweed (Arctotheca calendula);

-- Cape or German ivy (Delaira odorata or Senecio mikanioides);

-- English ivy (good old Hedera helix);

-- Ox-eye daisy, or marguerite;

-- Foxglove (if you're near a damp area or stream);

-- Purple loosestrife -- illegal to sell in some states;

-- Fennel;

-- Woolly mullein;

-- Fountaingrass (Pennisetum setaceum);

-- Pampas grass;

-- Broom of all sorts;

-- Gorse;

-- Tamarisk;

-- Myoporum;

-- Russian olive;

-- Ailanthus;

-- Blue gum eucalyptus;

Some criticize the neighbors for moving walls on a daily basis, going through contractors one, two, three and making the price of construction go from $400,000 to $1.3 million.

Paradox. Architects create space, all of it empty at one time. There is no future in storage. Yet, these words are stored.

Julia Morgan threw her drawings away on retirement, not before. So when she was looking for something in her last years, no problem. It was already gone.

And more on Kennedy Center

Ed Stone arranged to pick Jackie's favorite colors for presentation.

Practice issue. Never allow anyone to broker the architect to the client. For example, an Australian that's been around the client about a month calls up and says, "What have you been doing on the client's job? Tell me, and I'll tell the client."

Architect should say "Nothing doing," and contact client directly, not through broker, ending professional relationship at this point, if necessary. Broker will always find architect wrong.

The catenary is the locus of the focus of a parabola rolling along a straight line.

CATENARY (from Lat. catena, a chain), in mathematics, the curve assumed by a uniform chain or string hanging freely between two supports. It was investigated by Galileo, who erroneously determined it to be a parabola; Jungius detected Galileo’s error, but the true form was not discovered until 1691, when James Bernoulli published it as a problem in the Ada Erudiorum. Bernoulli also considered the cases when (I) the chain was of variable density, (2) extensible, (3) acted upon at each point by a force directed to a fixed centre. These curves attracted much attention and were discussed by John Bernoulli, Leibnitz, Huygens, David Gregory and others.

Signs...

Examples of depression practice...

depression architecture practice...

Seen on the lamppost.

There are some fancy chemicals available, but for all practical purposes out of reach. Back to basics. It's quite possible the oil in the floor is irremediable, and flooring simply has to be replaced.

Oil spill cleanup seems to be the problem with a former printing company floor that will not clean. Technique now involves applying a combination of odorless paint thinner, laundry soda and Pine Sol in hot water with damp mop. Oily gunk rises to surface in a milky emulsion. Rinse black gunk from mop repeatedly. Dry with paper towel (or other cellulose product). Result is sticky, black floor. Don't know if this is an improvement.

Jennifer Kretschmer, Associate AIA, wrote this study page and link to questions for general structures.

“I.”

Make something beautiful by design.

Anti-matter disposition.

meticulous architecture

Adobe walls, 18" thick.

Office space alternative to lease or rent?

Modular ratio (n), a ratio of the moduli of elasticity of different materials to determine bend strength of two different materials such as a composite beam; e.g. W shape with concrete slab top flange.

Examples:

n = E_s/E_c
n = E_s/E_m # E_s steel, E_c concrete, E_m masonry

What are the three laws of equilibrium with regard to any structural member?

Σ ↑ = ↓ # vertical forces
Σ ← = → # horizontal forces
Σ clockwise = counter-clockwise

If these equations can be solved, beam is “statically determinate.”

strain = D/L
deformation under axial load (as below)

Strain, deformation of a member resulting from stress (unit deformation), can also be written as

s = e / L

s strain
e dimensional change
L original length of the member

Anderson Marsh State Historic Park (SHP) has an old ranch house that I am looking for...

Someone from the business world called and said industrial gross (IG) is a lease agreement where the landlord is responsible for real estate taxes and insurance, while the tenant is responsible for utilities, janitorial and items inside the building. On utilities in office buildings that have adopted this arrangement, sometimes the landord installs separate meters or he or she might charge a proportional share of charges incurred on meters for all or parts of the building.

This reference gives a mind-numbing array of leasing terms, and dances around IG. An East Bay reference spells out IG substantially as above.

“Greenspirit - Trees are the Answer” is the title of an article someone from another state sent. The article is a powerful argument against burning fossil fuels, building parking lots and monoculture forms of agriculture. The article also offers some ideas about sustainable forestry and increased use of wood for fuel, particularly in developing countries at no net increase in carbon dioxide emissions, and reduced use of fossil fuel, which represents more than 100% carbon dioxide burden considering the fossil fuels used in extraction and refinement. As to paper and construction the article recommends using wood, while reducing use of unsustainable concrete, steel and plastic.

ARE division statements, tasks and references

General Structures

Lateral Forces

STRUCTURES
GENERAL

Terms, concepts
structural elements
purlin: roof beam usu. @ truss panel joints to avoid bending stress in top
chord
pile cap: transfers column load to piles
forces
force couple = equal but opposite forces
double shear: 2 shear planes (places of poss. shear failure ) as in bolts
shear stress in column pad depends on load, column, size & thickness of pad
(not reinf. steel)

matenal properties
E = modulus of elasticity = stress/strain (Hooke's law)
E for steel = 29, 000, 000 psi
E for Doug fir = 1,600,000 psi
E for conc. = 57,000√f'c (-->ult. strength after 28 days)
for A36 steel, Fb = 24 ksi if compression flange laterally supported
fy = 40 ksi for grade 40 steel, 60 ksi for grade 60 steel
joist girder designation: 60G10N14.4K
60 in. deep, 10 eq. spaces along girder, 14.4 kip load @ ea. panel point
rules of thumb
structural costs about 25% of total constr. cost
truss depth to span ratio 1:10 best
slab on grade 3-1/2 to 9"
max slump
sidewalk conc.: 4"
min. conc. coverage
3" @ footings against earth
1-1/2" interior columns
3/4" @ interior slabs

Characteristics of different structural-systems
folded plate
inclined planes function as deep beams
pretensioning: steel tensioned before conc. cast
no end anchorages
consider shrinkage of conc. & creep of conc. & steel
continuous beams
less Mmax, deflection
Mmax greater in end spans than in middle
flat plate
use where loads relatively light
deflection high
flat slab
round column w/ capital, drop panel

formulas





stress = P/A (unit axial stress)
bending stress: f = M/S
strain = D/L
deformation under axial load
Δ=PL/AE
coefficient of linear expansion n (per 1 degree )
Δ = nL Δ t
Max moment
Mmax = w1**2/8 uniform load simple beam
Mmax = Pl/4 concentrated load at center

moment of inertia I (in**4)
I = bd**3/12 for rectangular section
neutral axis: y bar = ΣAy/ΣA
Ix-x = Σ (Io + Ayn**2)
section modulus
S = I/c (in**3) (c = dist. from outer fiber to neut. axis)
S = M/Fb (allowable bending stress)
Area of wood beam
A = 3V/2Fv (V = max shear; Fv = allowable shear)
Tu = Asfy ultimate tensile strength of rebar
Trig
sin 30 = .5
cos 30 = .866
tan 30 = .577
sin 45 = .707
cos 45 = .707
tan 45 = 1
sin 60 = .866
cos 60 = .5
tan 60 = 1.732
columns
round conc. columns reinforcement
spiral - stronger
ties
K factor in column design
accounts for diffs in column end conditions
Kx unbraced length = Kl (effective length)
steel columns
slenderness ratio = l/r (radius of gyration)
circle, tube - most efficient shapes - resist buckling; material far from axis
base plate
non-shrink grout (1")
Fp = 0.35 f'c
f'c = 3000 psi --> Fp = 1050 psi



A=P/Fp
Beams
Preliminary beam sizes
depth (in.) = 1/2 span (ft)
weight (lb/ft) = 1.25 W (kips)
delta = depth (in)/10
most efficient way to minimize deflection: increase depth ( -->I)
stiffness calcs to check for ponding - double deflections
short beams + long girders = less material but more depth
long beams + short girders = more material but less depth
plate girders
large load
large span ~ 100
depth 3 to 6'
web stiffeners
composite beams
large load, span
wide beam spacing
optional welded plate @ bottom
4 to 6" conc. deck
open-web steel joists
spans > 60' bolted bridging
LH for floors: 18-48" d, 96' 1
DLH for roofs: 52- 72" d, 144' 1
J series 36,000 psi yield strength
H series 50,000 psi yield strength chord sections
either hot-rolled or cold-rolled steel
underslung or pitched
designation: nominal depth @ center + size of top chord section (e.g., 40 LH
10)
often provided w/ top chord extended ends --> cantilever
other one-way flexural systems
channel slab
box girder
double T - most common
two-way flexural systems
1/12 - 1/20 span/depth --> shallower

connections
F - friction type
impact loading
N - bearing, threads included
steel binds w/bolt
X - bearing, no threads
bolts
A307 (120 ksi)
A325 (44 ksi) most common


welds
radiographic inspection (x-rays) used to test welds
strength of weld based on shear strength thru throat
fillet weld throat = .707(size)
Fsw = 0.40 Fy base material
Fsw = 0.30Fy weld material
avoid welding rebar

conc. systems
ultimate strength = 1.4 DL + 1.7 LL (factored loads)
balanced beam: designed for simultaneous failure of conc. and steel
under-reinforced is better - warning cracks
compression steel - can help reduce depth of conc. beam
in top portion of beam - tied w/ stirrups to lower reinf.
prestressed conc. advantages
fewer cracks
corrosive atmosphere
stiffer
smaller
kelly ball test - for workability of conc. - less common than slump test

Foundations
spread footing
wall, grade beam
combined
at property line
cantilever footing ( also strap footing) @ property line
mat/raft
good for differential settlement
moves up and down w/water table
pile footing/caissons
drilled pier - bell @ bottom for bearing

site constr .
excavation
footing 6" @ natural grade
6" below frost line
backfill
clean, low shrink/swell, compacted
std. proctor compaction test
95% bldg.
90% parking lots

History
Perret- first to use reinf. conc. frame in hi-rise
Kahn- struct. eng. on Hancock, Sears Tower
Jenney- first skyscraper - Home Insurance Co. 1883
Maillart - Swiss eng. - bridges


LATERAL

retaining walls
resultant should fall in middle third of base
usu. designed to resist 30 lb/cf pressure
counterfort wall: retaining wall w/ bracing walls

hydrostatic pressure 62.4 lb/cf - pools, tanks

seismic force
Richter scale - each no. is about 32 times previous no.
lateral force, or shear at base V
V = ZIKCSW or V = ZICW/R
Z = zone factor
zone 0, z = 0
zone 1, z = 3/16
zone 2, z = 3/8
zone 3, z = 3/4
zone 4, z = 1
I = importance 1-1.5
assembly of over 300 --> I = 1.25
essential facilities (hospitals, fire, police) --> I = 1.5
K = lateral resisting type
moment resisting frames
resists by bending
most ductile
steel or conc.
ductile moment resisting space frame
shear walls
allowable shear for diff mat'ls -- table 25K
stiffest
braced frames
seismic force is dependent on stiffness of structure
K value from table 23T
.67 --> 2.5
ductile --> less ductile
bldgs > l60'h in zone 3 or 4 must have DMRSF resist 25%
C = accel. = 1/15√T (period (sec.)) or C = 1.25S/T**2/3 (1991 UBC)
T = .05h/√D
h = ht. of structure (ft)
D = dimension parallel to applied forces (ft)
for DMRSF bldgs., T = .10ON
N = no. of stories
long period --> flexible, low force
short period --> stiff, high force
drift = 1/500 h
S = subsoil condition - betw. 1-1.5
max when Tbldg = Tsoil

firm soil --> higher force
CS < 0.14 per UBC
W = total dead load incl. partitions
storage & warehouse include 25% live load also
distribution of base shear
force applied to any level x
Fx = (V -Ft)wx*hx/Σwh
Ft = force at top = .07TV < .25V
diaphragms
rigid, semi-rigid - transfers loads in proportion to rigidity of verticals
flexible, semi-flexible
drag strut - collects seismic load from diaphragm
parts of bldg: Fp = Z*I*Cp*Wp; Cp from table 23J - horiz force factor

Wind pressure
p = Ce*Cq*qs*I - all from UBC

Ce = exposure (based on height) - Table 23G
Cq = pressure coefficient - Table 23H
method 1 (normal force method)
method 2 (projected area method)
qs = wind stagnation pressure @ ht. 30'
from basic wind speed - table 23F
I = importance
assemblies, I = 1.15
others, I = 1

Just as we gained a uniform, mathematical time, so also we gained a uniform, mathematical space. The change is evident in the evolution of the artist's techniques. Before the development of linear perspective during the Renaissance, space did not present itself to the artist independently of things; it was more like the qualitatively varying presence of things, and derived its local shape from them. This plastic quality of space, evident in so many medieval paintings, typically appears highly confused to us.—Steve Talbott, TECHNOLOGY, ALIENATION, AND FREEDOM

When I developed a hypothesis whereby two people look at an object, a measurement of its its apparent size to each person will vary, someone said, “That’s architecture.”